spring wire
Materials used to make springs and wire shapes
Spring steel wire is a kind of steel wire used to make springs (SPRING) or steel wire shapes (WIRE FORM). According to the different uses of springs, there are many types of spring steel wires required for making springs, such as spring steel wires for mattress springs (referred to as mattress wires), spring steel wires for shock absorbers, and spring steel wires for suspension springs. Steel wire, spring steel wire for engine valves, spring steel wire for camera shutters, etc. Although there is no unified standard classification name, the quality requirements of these steel wires are different. Spring steel wire can also be classified according to the manufacturing process, such as raw drawn spring steel wire (without lead bath quenching treatment before drawing), lead quenched spring steel wire, galvanized spring steel wire, oil quenched spring steel wire, etc.
Chinese name spring steel wire
Foreign name SPRING WIRE
Tensile strength grade 1000-3000 MPa round
Diameter range 0.08-20 mm
The strength of spring steel wire varies according to varieties, standards and specifications, and the tensile strength grade can range from 1000-3000 MPa. The diameter of round spring steel wire ranges from 0.08 to 20 mm. The cross-sectional shape of spring steel wire is generally circular, but also has rectangular, square, oval and other shapes. The finished steel wire is usually delivered in rolls, and sometimes it is delivered in straight strips.
Springs used in different environments have different special requirements for steel wires. For example: springs working in corrosive media are required to have good corrosion resistance; springs in precision instruments are required to have long-term stability and sensitivity; springs in high temperature environments are required to have sufficient elastic limit and creep resistance.
Category Editor Broadcast
Steel wire for the manufacture of springs of various types and uses. The main types are: (1) Steel wire for cold-rolled springs. This kind of spring is cold-rolled and formed without heat treatment or only after low-temperature heating. It is mainly carbon spring steel wire; (2) Spring that is heat-treated after coiling. Steel wire, mainly alloy spring steel wire; (3) Quenched and tempered spring steel wire, also known as oil quenched and tempered spring steel wire; (4) Stainless spring steel wire, this type of steel wire is mostly made of austenitic stainless steel, its production characteristics are shown in Alloy Steel wire. In addition, there are deformation heat-treated steel wires under development.
Carbon spring steel wire should have high tensile strength, elastic limit, toughness and fatigue strength, and be resistant to shock and vibration. Ensuring strength and toughness indicators, especially preventing torsional cracks, is the key to producing spring steel wire. Both the intrinsic quality and surface quality of the wire rod directly affect the performance of the steel wire. Carbon spring steel wire is made of high-carbon high-quality carbon structural steel or carbon tool steel wire rod. Its chemical composition, gas content and non-metallic inclusions must be strictly controlled according to the purpose of the spring. In order to reduce surface defects and decarburized layers, the steel billets for wire rod production must be surface ground and peeled if necessary. Wire rods should be normalized or sorbitized, and those with large specifications should be spheroidized annealed instead. Troxitizing treatment is widely used in the heat treatment in the middle, especially before the finished product is drawn. Decarburization should be prevented during heat treatment. After heat treatment, pickle with sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid to remove iron oxide scale. Coatings (see lubricating carrier) may be limed, phosphated, borax treated or copper plated. The drawing process of the finished product has a great influence on the product performance. Generally, a larger total area reduction rate of about 90% (see area reduction rate) and a smaller pass area reduction rate (about ≤23%) are used. to ensure the toughness of the product. For high-strength spring steel wires, the outlet temperature of each pass of steel wire should be controlled below 150°C during drawing to prevent torsional cracks in the steel wire due to strain aging, which is the main defect that causes steel wire scrapping. For this reason, there must be good lubrication and sufficient cooling during drawing. Using a smaller pass area reduction rate and drawing speed will help reduce the temperature rise of the steel wire. After drawing, there is a large residual stress in the steel wire, which affects its performance. It can be eliminated by online straightening or low-temperature (180~370ºC) heating.
Alloy spring steel wire is made of silicon-manganese, chromium-vanadium and other alloy spring steels. The wire rod is softened by incomplete annealing. Decarburization must be prevented during heat treatment, and the precipitation of graphitic carbon must be prevented for silicon-containing spring steel wire rods. The heat treatment of semi-finished products adopts recrystallization annealing. The pickling and coating processes are similar to the production of carbon spring steel wire. According to needs, silicon-manganese spring steel wires are available in different delivery states such as cold drawn, annealed, normalized, high temperature tempered, silver bright and oil quenching-tempering; chromium vanadium spring steel wires are available in cold drawn, annealed, silver bright and other delivery states. state. Generally, alloy spring steel wire must be quenched and tempered at medium temperature before it can be used after being wound into a spring.
Quenched and tempered spring steel wire mainly includes oil quenched-tempered carbon spring steel wire and silicon-manganese alloy spring steel wire. Valves use oil quenched-tempered carbon spring steel wire and chromium-silicon alloy spring steel wire. The purpose of oil quenching and tempering treatment after spring steel wire drawing is to make the steel wire have a high elastic limit and yield ratio as well as good toughness and fatigue resistance. Spring made of quenched-tempered steel wire has stable geometric shape and mechanical properties, small load fluctuations, and can be heated below the tempering temperature to eliminate residual stress generated during winding. [1]
Production methods editor broadcast
Different types of spring steel wire have different production methods, but their common features are that they require a certain degree of strength, high toughness and good coil spring performance.
The commonly used manufacturing methods of various spring steel wires are as follows:
(Steel) wire rod--surface treatment--drawing (this method can be used for mattress wire)
Lead-quenched spring wire: Lead-bath quenched at intermediate wire rod sizes or cold drawn, then surface treated and wire drawn.
Galvanized spring steel wire: Usually hot-plated or electroplated in the finished size, some wire rods are pickled and hot-plated and then cold-drawn to the specified size.
Oil quenched spring steel wire: carbon steel or alloy steel can be used as needed. Surface treatment and cold drawing to finished size are then quenched and tempered. This process is often used in steel wires for automobile suspension springs and valve springs. Ordinary springs Of course it can also be used.
surface treatment
Generally, pickling and phosphating are used to remove iron oxide scale and form a phosphating film; there are also a few that use mechanical methods. The purpose is to meet the requirements of the cold drawing process and obtain a smooth surface. For spring steel wires that require high fatigue life, such as valve spring steel wires, the wire rods should be stripped to reduce surface defects. If the steel mill can grind on the steel billet, it will also help reduce defects.
Brushed
The drawing process of the finished product has a great influence on the product performance. Generally, a larger total area reduction rate of about 90% (see area reduction rate) and a smaller pass area reduction rate (about 10%-20% ) to ensure the toughness of the product. For high-strength spring steel wires, the outlet temperature of each pass of steel wire should be controlled below 150°C during drawing to prevent torsional cracks in the steel wire due to strain aging, which is the main defect that causes steel wire scrapping. For this reason, there must be good lubrication and sufficient cooling during drawing. Using a smaller pass area reduction rate and drawing speed will help reduce the temperature rise of the steel wire.
heat treatment
Carbon steel spring wires are often quenched using a lead bath quenching process, which can obtain a very fine pearlite structure (troxite), which is beneficial to improving deep drawing performance and spring performance. The alternative process of lead bath, fluidized bed, has not yet been promoted. Only used on some small diameters. Alloy steel wire generally adopts annealing heat treatment to adapt the microstructure to drawing deformation. The heat treatment of stainless steel wire adopts solution treatment, whose purpose is also to improve the structure to meet the needs of drawing. The oil quenching process is used on the finished steel wire. It uses induction heating or a gas or oil heating furnace to heat the steel wire to the austenitizing temperature and keep it warm for a period of time. After quenching, it is tempered at a medium temperature. Although it is called oil quenching in name, water quenching or water quenching with polymer materials is basically used [2].
Features and usesEdit Broadcast
The spring is used within the elastic range and should return to its original position after unloading. It is hoped that the plastic deformation should be as small as possible, so the steel wire should have high elastic limit, yield strength and tensile strength. The higher the yield-strength ratio, the closer the elastic limit is to the tensile strength, so the strength utilization rate can be improved, and the spring made has stronger elasticity.
Spring relies on elastic deformation to absorb impact energy, so the spring steel wire does not necessarily have to have high plasticity, but it must at least have the plasticity to withstand spring molding and enough toughness to withstand impact energy.
Spring usually works under the action of alternating stress for a long time, so it must have a high fatigue limit, as well as good anti-creep and anti-relaxation properties.
Springs used in specific environments will also have some special requirements for steel wires. For example, springs used in corrosive media must have good corrosion resistance. The springs used in precision instruments should have long-term stability and sensitivity, a low temperature coefficient, a high quality factor, a small aftereffect, and a constant elastic modulus. Springs working under high temperature conditions are required to maintain sufficient elastic limit and good creep resistance at high temperatures.
In addition, the forming process and heat treatment process of spring steel wire should also be considered. Both cold-drawn spring steel wire and oil-quenched and tempered spring steel wire are directly wound on the spring as supplied. After the spring is formed, it is stress-relieved and used directly. The tensile strength of cold drawn spring steel wire is slightly higher than that of oil quenched and tempered steel wire. Large-size cold-drawn steel wire has too much elasticity, making it difficult to wind springs. Therefore, the size of cold-drawn spring steel wire is generally less than 8.0mm, and the size of oil-quenched and tempered steel wire is generally less than 13.0mm. In fact, springs with a diameter of 13.0mm mostly use spring steel wire in a lightly stretched state, which is cold drawn and wound into shape and then quenched and tempered for use. Most steel wires with a diameter of 15.0mm or more use a heated winding process to make springs.
Spring wire standard editor broadcast
The current national and industry recommended standards for carbon spring steel wire are divided into two types:
1. Cold drawn spring steel wire
One type is cold deformation reinforced steel wire, also known as cold drawn spring steel wire. Cold-drawn carbon spring steel wire is first quenched with lead to obtain a troostite structure, then surface phosphated, and drawn to the finished size with a large area reduction rate. The steel wire structure is fibrous and has high tensile strength and elastic limit. , good bending and torsion properties. Cold-drawn spring steel wire has high dimensional accuracy, smooth surface, no oxidation and decarburization defects, and relatively stable fatigue life. It is the most widely used spring steel wire.
2. Oil quenched and tempered steel wire
Another type of carbon spring steel wire is martensitic reinforced steel wire, also known as oil quenched and tempered steel wire. Carbon steel wires can obtain good comprehensive mechanical properties through quenching and tempering treatment. When the steel wire specifications are small (φ≤2.0mm), the strength indicators of oil quenched and tempered steel wires are lower than those of cold-drawn steel wires after sorbitization treatment. . When the steel wire specifications are large (φ≥6.0mm), it is impossible to use a large area reduction rate to obtain the required strength index for the sorbitized steel wire, while the oil quenched and tempered steel wire can obtain a cold-drawn ratio as long as it is completely quenched. Steel wire for higher performance. Under the same tensile strength conditions, martensite-strengthened steel wire has a higher elastic limit than cold deformation-strengthened steel wire. The metallographic structure of cold-drawn steel wire is fibrous and has obvious anisotropy. The metallographic structure of oil-quenched and tempered steel wire is uniform tempered martensite, which is almost isotropic. At the same time, the anti-relaxation performance of oil quenched and tempered steel wire is better than that of cold-drawn steel wire, and the service temperature (150~190ºC) is also higher than that of cold-drawn steel wire (≤120ºC). Large-size oil-quenched and tempered steel wires have a tendency to replace cold-drawn steel wires.
carbon steel wire
The following introduces the application range and process characteristics of various types of carbon spring steel wire according to standards.
(1) YB/T5220-93 "Carbon spring steel wire for non-mechanical springs"
This standard applies to carbon spring steel wire for non-mechanical springs such as sofa cushion springs, seat cushions, backrest tension springs, circlips, and clamp springs. According to the standard, steel wires are divided into nine groups A1, A2, A3...A9 according to different tensile strength requirements. The steel wires in each group are supplied according to a strength range regardless of size, and the tensile strength deviation is ≤200Mpa. Groups A1, A2 and A3 are used to make lower stress springs. A3, A4 and A5 are used to make general stress springs. A7, A8 and A9 are used to make higher stress springs. Mattress springs generally use A3 and A4 groups.
The steel wires in the A1-A3 group are generally made of 45-70 steel, the A3-A6 groups are made of 65Mn or 70 steel, and the A7-A9 group steel wires are made of 70 or T8MnA (82B). Since the steel wire supplied according to this standard is basically used to make static springs, the requirements for fatigue life are relatively loose. The steel wire can be directly drawn from controlled rolling and cooling wire rods into finished products. Normalizing can also be used instead of lead bath treatment before the steel wire is formed. At the same time, it is allowed to use converter-killed steel as raw material.
(2) GB/T4357-89 "Carbon Spring Steel Wire"
This standard is a universal standard for cold-drawn carbon spring steel wire and is mainly used to make static springs that work under various stress states. According to the working stress state of the spring, steel wire can be supplied in three grades: grade B for low-stress springs, grade C for medium-stress springs, and grade D for high-stress springs. The finished steel wire is tested for four properties: tensile strength, torsion, winding and bending.
This standard steel wire is mainly used to make static mechanical springs. The vibration frequency during its service life is higher than that of non-mechanical springs. It has certain requirements on fatigue life. The finished product also needs to be assessed on torsional performance. Therefore, wire rods for steel wire should be smelted by electric furnace or electric furnace + outside refining method, with P ≤ 0.030%, S ≤ 0.020%, etc. in the wire rod. If the microstructure of the finished steel wire contains free ferrite, it will reduce the fatigue life of the spring. Controlled rolling and controlled cooling wire rods generally contain 5% to 1.5% free ferrite. Generally, it is not suitable to use wire rods to directly produce finished steel wires. . In principle, steel wires supplied according to this standard should be treated in a lead bath before production to eliminate free ferrite structures. The microstructure of the finished steel wires should be fibrous sorbite.
(3) GB/T4358-1995 "Carbon Spring Steel Wire for Important Purposes"
Steel wire supplied according to this standard is mainly used to make dynamic springs that work under various stress states. According to the working stress state of the spring, the steel wire is supplied in three groups: Group E is suitable for medium-stress dynamic springs, Group F is suitable for high-stress dynamic springs, and Group G is suitable for dynamic springs with high fatigue life. The finished steel wire is evaluated on five performance indicators: tensile strength, torsion, winding, bending and decarburization.
Since the steel wire supplied according to this standard is used to make dynamic springs working under medium and high stress conditions, in addition to maintaining a high elastic limit and good toughness indicators, the finished steel wire must also take into account the fatigue limit and the fatigue life of the spring. For this reason, there are higher requirements for the purity of steel, non-metallic inclusion content and gas content, ferrite content and surface decarburization degree. Wire rods for steel wire must be smelted by electric furnace + refining outside the furnace, and have higher requirements for the chemical composition of the wire rods: P ≤ 0.025%, S ≤ 0.020%, Cr ≤ 0.10%, Ni ≤ 0.15% (0.12%), Cu≤0.20%. In actual production, Mn is often controlled at a high limit to improve fatigue life. Group E uses 70 or 70Mn (72B), group F uses T8MnA or T9RtA, and group G uses 65Mn (Mn can be adjusted to 0.9-1.2%) or 67B. The purpose of reducing the P and S content in steel, increasing the Mn content and using out-of-furnace refining is to reduce the content of non-metallic inclusions in steel, improve the shape of inclusions and reduce gas content, and increase the fatigue limit and fatigue life. If the steel wire microstructure contains free ferrite, it will significantly reduce
ZHENGDE Spring is the most commonly used part in the machinery industry and in daily life. The main function of the spring is to use the energy stored in its own deformation to ease the vibration and impact of the machine or parts, and to control the movement of the machine or parts.
The use characteristics and uses of spring steel wire
The spring is used within the elastic range, and it should return to its original position after unloading. It is hoped that the plastic deformation should be as small as possible, so the steel wire should have high elastic limit, yield strength and tensile strength. The higher the yield ratio, the closer the elastic limit is to the tensile strength, so the higher the strength utilization rate is, the stronger the elastic force of the spring is.
The spring relies on elastic deformation to absorb the impact energy, so the spring steel wire does not have to have high plasticity, but at least it must have the plasticity to withstand the spring forming and enough toughness to withstand the impact energy.
Springs usually work under alternating stress for a long time, so they must have a high fatigue limit, as well as good creep and relaxation resistance.
| GB |
ASTM |
JIS |
DIN |
NF |
BS |
OCT |
ISO |
| 65 |
1065 |
|
Ck67 |
XC65 |
060A67 |
65 |
TypeDC,SC |
| 70 |
1070 |
|
|
XC70 |
070A72 |
70 |
TypeDC,SC |
| 85 |
1086 |
SUP3 |
Ck85 |
XC85 |
060A86 |
85 |
TypeDC,SC |
| 65Mn |
1066 |
|
|
|
080A67 |
65Γ |
|
| 55Si2Mn |
9255 |
|
54SiCr6 |
56Si7 |
Z51A58 |
55C2 |
56SiCr7 |
| 55Si2MnB |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 55SiMnVB |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 60Si2Mn |
9260 |
SUP6,SUP7 |
60SiCr7 |
60Si7 |
Z51A60 |
60C2 |
61SiCr7 |
| 60Si2MnA |
|
|
|
|
|
60C2A |
|
| 60Si2CrA |
9254 |
SUP12 |
|
|
|
60C2XA |
55SiCr63 |
| 60Si2CrVA |
|
|
|
|
|
60C2XΦA |
|
| 55CrMnA |
5155 |
SUP9 |
55Cr3 |
55Cr3 |
525A58 |
|
55Cr3 |
| 60CrMnA |
51605 |
SUP9A |
|
|
525A60 |
|
|
| 60CrMnBA |
51B60 |
SUP11A |
|
|
|
55XΓP |
60CrB3 |
| 60CrMnMoA |
4161 |
SUP13A |
|
60CrMo4 |
705A60 |
|
60CrMo33 |
| 50CrVA |
6150 |
SUP10A |
50CrV4 |
51CrV4 |
735A51 |
50CrΦA |
51CrV4 |
| 30W4Cr2VA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Shandong Zhengde Metal Manufacturing Co., Ltd. is a production and sales company integrating hot-rolled steel coils, cold-rolled steel coils, galvanized steel coils, color-coated steel coils, section steel, steel pipes, steel wires, metal mesh, stainless steel, aluminum, copper and other metal products integrated large enterprises. Five production and sales bases have been formed in Binzhou, Liaocheng, Wuxi, Tianjin, Jinan and Tai'an, with more than 100 production lines, 4 nationally recognized laboratories, 2 technical engineering centers, and 5 enterprise technology centers. Products are exported to more than 50 countries and regions such as North America, South America, Europe, Middle East region, Russia, Africa, North America, and other parts of the world.
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ZHENGDE Spring is the most commonly used part in the machinery industry and in daily life. The main function of the spring is to use the energy stored in its own deformation to ease the vibration and impact of the machine or parts, and to control the movement of the machine or parts.
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